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История коневодства в Тамбовской области

История коневодства в Тамбовской области

Horse-breeding in the Tambov Area

Applicant: Irina Nikitina, the pupil of the 11 “B” form CG

Supervisors: L.I. Ivina, the teacher of Biology

L.N. Kozhevnikova, the teacher of English

Tambov 1998

Historically Tambov area has been known as the territory of chanters.

By the amount of private stud farms it challenged superiority of Voronezh,

Oryol and Kursk areas. The development of horse breeding in many respects

was promoted by two circumstances. First because of the flood plains, where

the herds freely grazed (only in one Morshansk area today are left about 20

thousands hectares even after rash ploughing up of a large part of flood

plains). Secondly, and it is also important, the deep pocket of the Tambov

landowners. They had large and sometimes fabulous capitals. So, one of

brothers Archarov’s, the holder of extensive lands in Rasskasovo area,

bestowed him by Katherine П, handed the whole horse regiment to the Tambov

national militia in 1812, by putting on the horses his own bonded recruits.

He also gave regimentals, armed and supplied the regiment with provisions

for three months. Nobody in Russia made such generous gift for army that

time.

Count Stroganov, princess Golitsina, general Lanskoy (the second

husband of Natalya Goncharova), Bashmakov - the Tambov millionaire and

holder of gold mines beyond Urals, old-line noblemen the Naryshkin’s, the

Arapov’s and many other had their own stud farms in Tambov area. The

Lavrovsky stud farm, which nowadays has worldwide glory, was built in

Tambov land by the landowner Voeykov.

The merchantry tried not to drop behind from the aristocracy. One

of the Aseev’s brothers, the holder of Arzhenka cloth factory, has

purchased the stud farm from a widow of the local broken landowner

Kruchenkov. The example of Aseev, but without the raping, was followed also

by other industrial aces from the districts of the region. It was

considered very prestigiously.

We should remember that horse-breeding remained one of the few

worthy commercial activities for the aristocrats. In 1840, when Chicherin,

the relative of our future Minister for Foreign Affairs, has opened

distillery in Lyada and the landowners Tulinov and Poltoratsky have

purchased cloth factories, noble society has apprehended it as mauvais ton.

But the pinces and dukes and members of the tsarist family very well

descended to trading horses from theirs stud farms.

All reading Russia knew from the story by Turgenev about

inveterate chanters from the district city of Tambov region with a

beautiful name - Lebedyan. But only few know today, that the fans of

equitation created there the first Russian association and issued first

horseracing journal. Much earlier than in metropolis and Moscow, the prize-

winning horserace of Oryol trotters were arranged in Lebedyan. Several

years later the same association of equitation fans was also established in

Tambov. This association built on share contributions the three-storey

building for its club on former Dvortsovaya, nowadays Sovietskaya Street,

one of first in the center of our city (now The Department of

Communications). In this club the horse-breeders from all Tambov districts

met at card tables and in the hall of extensive library.

The special page in a history of domestic horse-breeding were

written by the life copers brothers Demin’s from Kozlov. They managed to

get and turn over the blooded trotters even from Khrenov farm of count

Aleksey Orlov. Although, only after his death. While alive the count

strictly forbade selling his horses. Demin’s were in close friendship with

former count’s adscript Vasiliy Ivanovich Shishkin, the manager of Khrenov

farm. Shortly Shishkin opened his own stud farm.

The abundance of private stud farms in the region produced big

horse fairs, beginning from Lebedyanskaya and finishing with Tokaryovskaya,

one of cheapest in country. On Tambov fairs the merchants came a long way

from European countries, and also from Persia and Turkey. Only in 1897 61

580 horses were exported from Russia. Each tenth of them was purchased in

Tambov region. On fairs they sold not only separate horses, mainly it was

the business of small copers, the owners of stud farms sold the young

grossly, by so-called stakes after one famous stallion and different dams.

Unblooded horses on Tambov fairs were bought up for meat merchants from

Denmark. A kilo of horsemeat was equal in cost with a kilo of Danish

butter. Vneshtorg knows the price that the danish horsemeat lovers, the

horsemeat is the irreplaceable ingredient of top-grade sausage, are ready

to pay us for horses for meat.

Many brilliant trotters were grown up on Tambov stud farms. In

1904 at stud farm of Afanasyev in village Yaroslavka, now the territory of

Rzhaksa area was born grey stallion Krepysh. His father was Gromadniy, the

Imperial prizewinner, and the mother Koketka, the grand daughter of Varvar

– prizewinner from the farm of well-known horse-breeder Rogov. Changing

hands, Krepysh in a 1907 stepped on the turfs of Moscow and St. Petersburg

for the first time. By his graceful pace he made a conquest of fans.

Krepysh entered the competitions for 79 times and in 55 races he was the

first and he established or improved 13 records. With heartache thousands

of fans witnessed a loss of Krepysh in February 1912 in Moscow to the

American trotter General Age. They did not blame their favorite but his

american jockey William Keaton, who, they believed, intentionally drive

Krepysh in a wrong way.

The Novotomnikovo stud farm

The stud farm in Novotomnikovo played a large part in the

history of domestic horse-breeding; it was founded by count Illarion

Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1860 and still exists now. In short time he

bought up the best orlov’s stallions and dams, paying no attention to the

prices.

His new stud farm in Tambov area got famous after his bonded

jockey Oblopokhin on the stallion Zadorniy beat all capital jockeys on the

horses from the best prize-winning stables in St. Petersburg in 1861.

Zadorniy made three versts for 6 minutes and 6 seconds.

Vorontsov-Dashkov opened a new era in horseracing after he became

in 1882 a state manager of horse-breeding at tzar Alexander III request. At

that time he was the defense and domestic minister in the rank of adjutant

general.

He turned the horse-breeding from lairds’ merry-making into real

commerce. The prices on the private stud farms were raised up. The owners

of stud farms in Moscow or St. Petersburg could be lucky enough and win

whole bags in one racing season.

In the last quarter of 19th century in a pursuit of high prizes

the american jockeys began to appear in St. Petersburg and Moscow more and

more often on theirs so-called “two-minutes” trotters – they cover a mile

(1600 meters) for two minutes and some seconds.

One of the first to Russia from America came Clayton’s, the well-

known jockey family – the father and sons with their own trotters. They

established the prize-winning stable and began the manufacturing of modern

very light carts with rubber wheels. Very soon they were unrivalled on the

racecourses of Moscow and St. Petersburg. One year Clayton and sons won

almost all prizes and earned more than 300,000 rubles. The horse-breeders

got agitated and began to repine. Some of them rushed to buy the very

expensive American trotters. Other protested demanding to forbid the

performance of American trotters in Russia.

In such conditions Vorontsov-Dashkov, as a head of domestic horse-

breeding, had to make a decision. He found a compromise. The prizes were

divided into two groups. One was for the horses of all breeds, other only

for Oryol trotters. But nevertheless, the count preferred American

trotters. «The only criterion of quality of a horse I consider a prize

pole», - he told later. With such reasoning Vorontsov-Dashkov made vigorous

efforts buying American trotters, not only for his stud farm and prize-

winning stables in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also for state stud

farms.

Vorontsov-Dashkov was interested in cross-breeding more than

anybody else. He always was present at horsing, sitting under a glass cap

at center above one of the stables. The count considered it to be so

important, that often forced his spouse Elizaveta Andreevna (Shuvalova

before marriage) to be present on it with visitors, which were in

Novotomnikovo that time. The visitors were only grand people: the members

of tzar family, which arrival was marked with planting of one more tree in

oak alley of ancient park. Such as relatives of four daughters married off

in families of Shuvalov’s, Sheremetyev’s, Musin-Pushkin’s, and Demidov’s.

The conversations about horses touched common interest, as all

aristocracy had stables and stud farms. This kind of private business was

considered to be almost the only activity that is not derogating dignity of

a true aristocrat.

By the end of 19th century on private and state stud farms in

Russia there were 20 trotters prizewinners of an American origin. In the

mass order there was a crossing of blooded Oryol dams with American

trotters.

The most given was Vorontsov-Dashkov. Even two victories of

“oryols” over “americans” in summer season of 1898 didn’t cool him. The

Oryol trotter Boets broke the record on three miles established by American

trotter Monnet. His own mare Krylataya broke the record of Monnet on three

and three quarters of second in the same season. But he had made the

choice, « his knight's move », and was not going to back up. Soon the count

accepted on a service all jockeys of Clayton’s family with the fantastic

salary 300 thousands rubles per year.

The outstanding scientist hippologist prince Sergei Urusov engaged in

controversy against Vorontsov-Dashkov. Urusov considered cross-breeding «as

a medicine not by illness». «The only developing of ability to quick trot,

as they have made with the trotter in America, - he wrote, - will result in

quick but narrow, boneless, long-legged horse without rib and quite often

without a back and completely useless in agriculture. It is necessary to

improve inside the breed. Bad can be born even from good but never good

from bad ».

Many years have passed since then and this dispute has not

finished yet.

After the death of the count Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1916 his heirs,

going to leave the country, arranged cut-price sale of all horses’ elite of

the farm. In Soviet time it became only a branch of state stud farm in

Morshansk.

By 1918 in Novotomnikovo left only three blooded mares of Oryol

breed. Horses were taken from stables both by “red” and “white”. The very

nice farm before now it fell to desolation and, as the saying goes, the

farm was going. For long time it was existing only as horsing point, on

which only a dozen of mares were blissomed per year.

By a lucky chance among the three left blooded Oryol dams there

was the young mare Opora. Later she was bound to play the outstanding role

in domestic horse-breeding and to save the breed of Oryol trotters from

complete oblivion. In a 1934 she gave birth to a colt named Otboy. His

father was stallion Burelom born in 1927. The Moscow scientist hippologist

S. Kalinin liked this streamlined trotter after the Moscow races in 1930

and advised to pay the special attention to him.

Meanwhile stud farms kept cross-breeding of Oryol trot horses,

what was started before the revolution. Only now they cross-breed blooded

Oryol mares not with American trotters, the state did not give money to buy

them, but with crossbreeds’ posterity. At first they were called “american-

oryols”, then just Russian trotters. They were propagated on six stud

farms, mainly on Lavrovsk farm in our region.

The big work was performing continuously on creating and developing of

that new breed of thrifty trotters. The care for Oryol trotters was paled

into insignificance. The majority of the experts believed that this breed

had reached the limits of the further perfection. And, as it turned out,

they were wrong.

Today in stalls of Novotomnikovo stud farm stay the good-lookers

of Oryol breed restored by the efforts of horse-breeding enthusiasts. The

farm fosterlings have reached friskiness, which once was considered

possible only for American trotters. Now the Russian troyka, made from

Oryol trotters revives abroad as the mode. The customers from abroad

readily buy them in Novotomnikovo.

One cannot name the work on cross-breeding of Oryol trotter with

American one as reckless step. If due to Oryol trotter Russia gained the

improved breed of working horses in place of bow-backed hacks with bangled

stomachs, then the cross-breeding of Oryol horse gave the new breed of

Russian trotter of distinct sportish type.

There is no other animal like horse the mankind is so indebted

to. Without the count Aleksei Orlov we would not have Oryol trotters, which

bring glory to Russia for many years, making an ornament to our nation. We

would not receive a trotter, which is used for breed improvement of

trotting horses almost in all countries of Western Europe, and also in Asia

and America.

For the revirescence of beautiful Oryol trotter we are obliged to

S. Kasimenko. It was him, who managed the farm and choose the dams for

Burelom. In such selection the ancestry of dams is very important, down to

their great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers and even deeper into a

family tree. All their features and qualities are taken into account. All

was clear with Burelom, the son of distinguished Oryol trotter Lovchiy.

Maternally his bloodline ascended to the famous stallion Zadorniy, who

brought the first glory to Novotomnikovo farm of Vorontsov-Dashkov. But the

mare Opora, born even before October revolution, was in declining years for

horses and seemed to be not a suitable bride for young beauty Burelom.

However Kasimenko took chances. As we mentioned, stallion Otboy was born

from this unequal march. The careful godfather to him became A. Samoilov,

who replaced Kasimenko in a 1934.

At first Otboy didn’t show anything special in posterity. They

have from him just common trotters and dams not distinguished by high

friskiness, only their exterior was faultless.

The farm decided to part with Otboy. He was sent to other stud

farm. And here we should say thanks to A. Popov, who was the head of horse

department during the Great Patriotic War. Popov decided to return Otboy in

Novotomnikovo. But the new head V. Remizov received him there. Popov went

to the front in 1943 and did not come back on farm, as well as other 36

workers of farm - hostlers, jockeys, foragers, tractor operators, smiths

didn’t return here after war.

Remizov had been working in Novotomnikovo till 1965, and in his

time a new line in breed of Oryol trotter was born and appeared the new

branch on his family tree. The grey colt Otklik came into being after Otboy

and mare Konventsiya on Zaporozhye stud farm in 1952. Konventsiya had

arrived on this farm from Novotomnikovo already pregnant. So all palms for

a new line of Oryol trotter belong to the stud farm in Novotomnikovo.

The posterity of Otklik appeared to be marvelously quick. The

stallions Vodovorot and Borets ran a mile for two minutes and four tenths

of a second.

The interest to Oryol trotter has revived today all over the world.

Horses from Novotomnikovo have purchased the stud farms of Czechoslovakia,

Hungary, China, Germany, and Sweden. All America and Canada have got

acquainted with troika of Oryol trotters, where the thiller was a trotter

from Novotomnikovo farm. The millions of televiewers in these countries

admired them. Many newspapers of Old and New World enthusiastically wrote

about them.

The Lavrovo stud farm

The Lavrovo stud farm is located in Mordovian area of Tambov

region and stands out against other trotting stud farms because of the

achievements of its fosterlings.

Established by the good judge of horses V.P. Voeykov 170 years

ago, the Lavrovo stud farm is one of «big fishes» of domestic trotters. Ii

is the birthplace of the well-known grey Oryol trotter Lebed 5.44 (Atlasniy

- Pobeda), born in1829. He is on the pictures of the artist N.G. Sverchkov

and on the tapestry made by bondmaids from village Lavrovo. These things

are kept in the museum of horse-breeding of TAA.

Till the end of 80-th the farm in Lavrovo kept the path of cross-

breeding.

During the civil war the facilities were ruined, the horses were

plundered. They could save only one mare Margaritka 2.16,1 (Fatalist -

Binyonia), born in 1918, who later became a founder of dams family and was

the great-grandmother of Pervenets 2.00,4. During the acquisition of the

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